In order to relieve this risk, one of the important measurements is to recycle the rare earth magnets. Hence, there is a serious concern about rare earth supply-demand balance. However, on the other hand, the supplies of rare earth are not stable, due to both their geographic distributions and historical issues – the most distinguished event was 2011 rare earth crisis. On the one hand, the renewable energy markets are estimated to gain explosive growth in the next decades, such as Hybrid (H) and pure Electrical Vehicles (EV), E-scooter, wind turbines, electrified marines and aircrafts etc. Their high efficiency as well as high energy density bring unparalleled superiority. Rare earth PM AC machines are widely used in industry nowadays. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of ‘relativistic’ condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics.
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